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Bengali /bɛŋˈɡɔːli/ or Bangla /bɑːŋlɑː/ (বাংলা Bangla [ˈbaŋla] ( listen)) is the language native to the region of Bengal, which comprises of the present-day nation of Bangladesh and of the Indian states West Bengal, Tripura and southern Assam. It is written using the Bengali script. With about 220 million native and about 250 million total speakers, Bengali is one of the most spoken languages, ranked seventh in the world. The National Anthem of Bangladesh, National Anthem of India, National Anthem of Sri Lanka and the national song of India were first composed in the Bengali language.

Standard Bengali in Bangladesh and West Bengal are marked by some differences in usage, accent, and phonetics. Today, literary form and different dialects of Bengali constitute the primary language spoken in Bangladesh and the second most commonly spoken language in India. Also with a rich literary tradition arising from the Bengali renaissance, Bengali language binds together a culturally diverse region and is an important contributor to Bengali nationalism.

Bengali Language Movement (ভাষা আন্দোলন Bhasha Andolôn) was the focus in 1951 - 52 in what was then East Bengal (today Bangladesh). On 21 February 1952, protesting students and activists sacrificed their lifes at the Dhaka University campus for the right to read, write and speak in their mother language Bengali. In 1999, UNESCO declared February 21 as the International Mother Language Day in recognition of the deaths and people sacrificing their life for their mother language Bengali.

In a separate event on 19 May 1961, police in Barak Valley in Assam killed eleven people who were demonstrating against legislation that mandated the use of the Assamese language.

Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali evolved circa 1000 - 1200 CE from eastern Middle Indo-Aryan dialects such as the Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, which developed from a dialect or group of dialects that were close, but not identical to, Vedic and Classical Sanskrit. The earliest recorded spoken languages in the region and the language of Gautama Buddha, evolved into the Jain Prakrit or ôrdhômagôdhi "Half Magadhi" in the early part of the first millennium CE. ôrdhômagôdhi, as with all of the Prakrits of North India, began to give way to what are called ôpôbhrôngshô ("Corrupted grammar") languages just before the turn of the first millennium. The local ôpôbhrôngshô language of the eastern subcontinent, Purbi ôpôbhrôngshô or Abahatta ("Meaningless Sounds"), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups of the Assamese-Bengali languages, the Bihari languages, and the Oriya languages. Some argue that the points of divergence occurred much earlier - going back to even 500 but the language was not static: different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in multiple dialects. For example, Magadhi Prakrit is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for a period of time.

Literary Bengali saw borrowings and influence from Classical Sanskrit during the Middle Bengali (Chaitanya Mahaprabhu era) and also during the Bengal Renaissance, preserving spelling while adapting pronunciation to that of Bengali.